| INTERVENTIONS |
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Intervention type
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Intervention name
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Dose
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Duration
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Intervention description
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Group size
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Nature of control
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| Experimental Group |
Nutrition Education with Message Framing Intervention |
Participants will receive in person nutrition education each month for the length of the intervention. Concurrently, they will be receiving text messages via WhatsApp and SMS every week and they will be called on their cell phones every fortnight with the same message given to them during the face to face intervention to serve as reminders and cues for action. |
12 weeks |
During the intervention phase, positive and negative message framing were designed for the participants after recruitment (diagnosed with abnormal glucose tolerance) which was incorporated with the nutrition education after being assigned to their various groups.
The first experimental group received individualized nutrition education pertaining to foods frequently consumed combined with negative message framing where the loss or harm people will experience when they fail to adopt these healthy dietary practices were accentuated.
For instance:
"The consequences of poor dietary choices with diabetes can be challenging. Make the right decisions to avoid unnecessary complications like eye problems (retinopathy), Diabetes foot problems are serious and can lead to amputation if untreated, Heart attack and stroke, Kidney problems (nephropathy), Nerve damage (neuropathy), Gum disease and other mouth problems and other related conditions, like cancer, sexual weakness and female in reproductive age will have negative maternal and child outcomes.
"Remember that your food choices directly impact your glucose levels. Don't let unhealthy habits jeopardize your health."
"Preventing negative outcomes starts with your diet. Take control today to safeguard your future."
'' Diabetes kills, eat right and healthy''
As part of the nutrition education, participants were encouraged to:
Eat three (3) regular meals per day, eat fiber rich foods, cut down on fried and fatty foods, avoid absolute fasting, pastries, fatty meats, very oily foods, salty or sodium rich foods, refined carbohydrates, sugary foods and beverages and processed foods
Again, individualized meal plan was designed for each participant based on their diet history and food preferences taking into account, portion sizes and frequency.
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17 |
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| Experimental Group |
Nutrition Education with Message Framing Intervention |
Participants will receive in-person nutrition education each month for the length of the intervention. Concurrently, they will be receiving text messages via WhatsApp and SMS every week and they will be called on their cell phones every fortnight with the same message given to them during the face-to-face intervention to serve as reminders and cues for action. |
12 Weeks |
The second experimental group received individualized nutrition education pertaining to foods frequently consumed combined with positive message framing where the benefits people will experience when they adopt these healthy dietary practices were accentuated.
Messages like:
'' Eating three (3) regular meals per day, eating more high fiber foods such as but not limited to fruits, vegetables, whole grain bread and cereals, cutting down on fried and fatty foods, avoiding absolute fasting, pastries, fatty meats, very oily foods, salty or sodium rich foods, refined carbohydrates, sugary foods and beverages, processed foods helps to reduce blood glucose by helping keep your blood sugar levels in your target range as much as possible to help prevent or delay long-term, serious health problems, such as heart disease, vision loss, and kidney disease.''
''Staying in your target range can also help improve your energy and mood and it also helps to manage your weight and reverse insulin resistance thereby improving your quality of life were some of the benefits included whiles giving the education''
As part of the education, individualized meal plans were designed for participants based on their diet history and food preferences. A sample meal plan was used for all the three groups to help tailor meal plans to meet individual needs.
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17 |
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| Control Group |
Nutrition Education with Message Framing Intervention |
Participants will receive in-person nutrition education each month for the length of the intervention. Concurrently, they will be receiving text messages via WhatsApp and SMS every week and they will be called on their cell phones every fortnight with the same education given to them during the face-to-face intervention to serve as reminders and cues for action. |
12 Weeks |
Participants are given only the nutrition education without message framing. They are encouraged to:
• Eat three (3) regular meals per day with reduced portion sizes
• Eat more high fiber foods e.g. Vegetables, whole grain bread and cereals
• Cut down on fried and fatty foods
• Avoid absolute fasting
• Avoid pastries, fatty meats, very oily foods, salty or sodium rich foods
• Avoid refined carbohydrates, sugary foods and beverages
• Avoid processed foods among others
In addition to this, individualized meal plan were designed for participants based on their diet history and food preferences for all the three groups. Below is a sample of the meal plan that was tailored to meet the individual needs of the people:
BREAKFAST (6:00 – 8:00 AM)
Slices brown bread + unseived corn porridge/, Oats, Tom Brown, Wheat or Brown rice Porridge, Decaffeinated tea
Any of above plus: Low fat milk, vegetable salad, sweetener
Mid-Morning Snack: (9: 00 – 10: 00 AM)
A serving of fresh fruit, 1 medium size orange or apple, small size mango or 1 local sz, ½ medium sz pawpaw/ ¼ medium sz. local pineapple / 1 big banana or 2 small fingers / 1 fresh soft coconut with its water / 6 normal sz. fresh grapes /1 glass (250 ml) of fresh fruit juice
Lunch: (11:00 – 2:00)
Rice (Brown or polished and wheat), Banku/kenkey (fante)/Tz, Fufu, Yam, Apem, Cocoyam, Beans with accompaniments Plus Soups: Light soup with cut vegetables, Okro or kontonmire soup, Palm nut / groundnut soup (once a week) or Vegetable stews (less oil)
Plus Proteins:
Fish – salmon/mackerel/cassava fish/herrings, Tilapia/red fish, Snail, Lean meat, Egg
Afternoon Snack: (2:00 – 3:00 PM)........................ Same as 9AM
Dinner: (3:00 – 6:00 PM)
Same as lunch or breakfast
Evening Snack (if needed)
Note: Portion sizes must be reduced
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17 |
Uncontrolled |