| INTERVENTIONS |
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Intervention type
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Intervention name
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Dose
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Duration
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Intervention description
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Group size
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Nature of control
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| Experimental Group |
CORE STABILIZATION EXERCISE GROUP |
CORE STABILIZATION EXERCISE GROUP will be treated with core stabilization exercise for 30 minutes duration with a frequency of two treatment sessions per week.
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8 consecutive weeks |
A. Components of core stability exercise as adopted from protocol of Akodu et al (2015) are listed below:
a. Abdominal bracing
b. Bracing with heel slides
c. Bracing with bridging
d. Bracing with leg lift
e. Bracing with bridging and leg lift
f. Bracing in standing
g. Quadruped arms lifts with bracing
h. Quadruped leg lifts with bracing
i. Quadruped alternate arm and with leg lift with bracing.
Abdominal bracing: Participants were instructed in supine position to perform a drawing-in maneuver of the abdomen and hold for 8 seconds, 30 times for 2 minutes.
Bracing with heel slides: Participants were instructed in supine lying position to perform drawing-in maneuver of the abdomen and hold with sliding of the heel per leg for 8 seconds, 20 times for 4 minutes.
Bracing with leg lift: Participants were instructed in supine lying position to perform drawing-in maneuver of the abdomen and hold it with raising up the leg for 4 seconds, 20 times for 4 minutes.
Bracing with bridging: Participants were instructed in supine lying positions to perform draw- in maneuver of the abdomen and Gently lift up the buttocks and hold for 8 seconds, 30 times for 2 minutes.
Bracing with bridging and leg lift: Participants were instructed in supine to perform drawing-in maneuver of the abdomen and gently lift up the buttock and with raising up the leg for 8 seconds, 30 times for 4 minutes.
Bracing in standing: Participants were instructed to perform drawing-in maneuver of the abdomen in standing for 8 seconds, 30 times for 2 minutes.
Quadruped Arm lifts with bracing (flex one upper extremity): Participants were instructed in prone kneeling position to perform drawing in maneuver of the abdomen, flex one upper extremity and hold it for 8 seconds, 30 times on each side for 4 minutes.
Quadruped Leg Lifts with bracing (Extending one lower extremity and lifting it off exercise mat) |
20 |
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| Experimental Group |
COGNITIVE BEHAVIOURAL THERAPY GROUP |
Participants will be treated with cognitive behavioural therapy for 1 hour duration with a frequency of one session per week |
8 consecutive weeks |
The CBT protocol is explained in detail as follows (Cherkin et al, 2016):
A group CBT format will be used because it has been found effective, more resource efficient than individual therapy and provides patients with the potential benefits deriving from contact with, and support and encouragement from, others with similar experiences and problems (Cherkin et al, 2016). The CBT intervention will consist of eight weekly 1-hour sessions that provide:
1. Education about the role of maladaptive automatic thoughts (e.g., catastrophizing) and beliefs (e.g., one’s ability to control pain, hurt equals harm) in chronic pain, depression, and anxiety.
2. Instruction and practice in identifying and challenging negative thoughts, thought-stopping techniques, use of positive coping self statements, goal-setting, relaxation techniques, and coping with pain flare-ups.
3. Education about activity pacing and scheduling, and about relapse prevention and maintenance of gains.
Study participants will be encouraged to regularly practice the CBT techniques on their own. We will recommend participants in CBT to practice techniques daily, and will encourage each person to set their own goals around practice. |
20 |
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| Control Group |
BACK CARE EDUCATION GROUP |
two treatment sessions per week |
8 consecutive weeks |
The back care education outlines were set as follows:
1. Anatomy of the back and biomechanical principle guiding the functions of the human spine. Injurious postures and activities that may hurt the back and how to avoid them.
2. Proper and safe lifting techniques for carrying loads.
3. Good postures that enhance the health of the back in different farming activities and other activities of daily living such as bathing, sitting, getting to and out of bed.
4. The following specific prophylactic instructions will be taught and given to the participants orally and in writing:
-Avoid prolonged sitting, bending, stooping and squatting.
-Interrupt static posture every thirty minutes before developing any discomfort during work in the farm.
-Maintain lumbar lordosis (hollow in the low back) in sitting and other postures.
-Use supportive roll/cushion placed in the hollow of the back in sitting position at home.
-Avoid sitting on low chairs, stool and soft couch with deep seat.
-Use a firm, high chair with a good comfortable back support.
-Consciously control and maintain good upright posture when sitting on a seat without back rest or support.
-Avoid lifting heavy loads as much as possible: when you have to lift, carry only a moderate load. Before lifting or carry heavy load extend your back five times and after lifting or carrying the load extend your back three times.
-Carry out your back exercises daily - bend backward five times with hands placed in the hollow of your back; every hour.(Ayanniyiet al, 2015).
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20 |
Active-Treatment of Control Group |